Resistance welding is the process of joining metals using pressure and passing electric current for any period across the area of the metal to be joined. Since resistance welding is among the most inexpensive welding processes currently available because it doesn’t require other materials to generate a bond.

It’s worth noting that resistance welding will come in several forms which differ primarily through the shapes and types of weld electrodes accustomed to conduct the electrode and apply pressure. The electrodes are mostly created from copper alloys and therefore are cooled by water which flows through conductive tooling from the machine and also the cavities inside of the electrodes.

Machines made for resistance welding were created and manufactured for an array of industrial, automotive, and aerospace industry applications. And also, since many are automated, the working of such machines is well-controlled and will be repeated, at least according to -. Therefore, they make it simpler for companies to staff their production with ease.

Resistance Welding Types

Seam and Spot Welding

Like resistance welding applications, spot welding creates welds by utilizing heat that’s been generated by welding current flow resistance between the surface in touch with a joint and force, which pushes the workpieces together. The 2 are applied for a defined period for the weld to be complete. It’s worth noting that spot welds make use of the face geometries of whichever welding electrode is now being accustomed to apply force in the workpiece while focusing the existing on the weld location. After the resistance generated is sufficient, the metals “set down” and combine, and a nugget of weld forms.

Seam welding is basically a subcategory of spot welding. However, under this approach, wheel-shaped electrodes are used to deliver welding current and force to the parts. Under seam welding, workpieces roll between wheel-shaped electrodes being a current is now being applied. According to the time settings and current, the resulting welds could end up forming complete welded seams, overlapping seams, or individual welds at specified intervals.

Projection Welding

Projection welding applies exactly the same principles as other resistance welding processes. However, with projection welding, the welds are localized at preset points by utilizing intersections, projections, or embossments, all of these focus the generated heat to some specific point. After the current has generated enough resistance on the POC, the projections fall off, developing a weld nugget.

Flash Welding

The flash welding process leverages exactly the same principle as other resistance welding processes. However, with flash welding, resistance is generated using flashing action which is achieved by applying a higher current to some small contact point between the workpiece. After the flashing process has begun, force is used to some specific point in the workpiece. It’s worth noting that this workpieces are slowly moved in a determined rate.

Upset Welding

Upset welding uses exactly the same principle as other resistance welding processes. And even though it is comparable to flash welding, the main difference between the two is the fact that pieces being welded already are in contact, meaning no flashing occurs. Here, pressure in the workpieces is used just before the current starts and is also sustained until the welding process is complete.

Resistance Welding Parameters

Resistance welding works based on the principle of Joule Heating, where heat, denoted Q, is generated determined by three factors:

Q=I(squared)Rt

• I – represents the existing that’s passing throughout the metal combination
• R – represents the base metals’ and contact interfaces’ resistance
• t – represents some time/time of current flow

Whilst the principle may appear simple, you will find a huge selection of parameters that influence the outcomes of actual welding processes. To comprehend resistance welding technology better, here’s a glance at a number of the parameters that influence welding results:

Welding Current

The welding current is a crucial parameter in relation to resistance welding as it determines the volume of heat generated by way of a power of square. It’s worth noting that weld nugget sizes increase with all the increasing welding current however, when the current is just too high, it could result in electrode deterioration and expulsions. To avert this, welding engineers need to look for the optimal welding time as well as current for every single welding application.

Welding Time

Heat generation in resistance welding is directly proportional to welding time. Due to heat transfer from weld zones to electrodes and also the base metals, as well as a loss in heat from surrounding surfaces, a minimum welding time as well as current are needed to develop a weld. In case the current is not sufficient, increasing welding times alone won’t create a weld. However, if the current is sufficiently strong enough, the weld nugget size will increase as weld time increases until it’s exactly the same size as being the contact portion of the electrode tip. If welding time is protracted, expulsion might occur or perhaps the electrode could end up staying on the workpiece.

Welding Force

Welding force impacts the resistance welding process through its result on contact resistance in the contact area and also at the interfaces because of material deformation. The pieces being worked on needs to be compressed by way of a certain force along the weld zones to enable current to pass. In case the welding force isn’t sufficiently strong enough, expulsion might occur as soon as the current starts flowing because of high contact resistance – which might result in rapid heat generation. On the flip side, when the force is more than normal, which may make the contact area to be larger than normal, something which might result in low current density. At the same time, it might lead to low contact resistance, which could reduce the size of the weld nugget and also heat generation. In projection welding, it’s the force applied which induces projections inside the workpiece to collapse. That triggers changes to the contact area and, consequently, contact resistance and density. Furthermore, in addition, it influences welding results and also heat development.

Contact Resistance

Contact resistance at weld interfaces is among the most influential parameters in relation to materials. However, it’s worth noting that this has highly-dynamic interactions with process parameters. When welding forces increase, contact pressure also increases, meaning the actual contact area on the interface also increases due to the rough surface asperities deforming. That triggers contact resistance on the interface to reduce, reducing heat generation and weld nugget size. Since most metal surfaces have contaminants like oil, dirt, water vapor, and oxides on them, when temperatures rise, a number of them – mainly oil-based and water contaminants – dissipate in the initial cycles, while metals soften due to high temperatures. Consequently, contact resistance will generally decrease as temperatures rise. While contact resistance only affects results during the initial cycles, it’s a decisive effect on how heat is distributed due to how heat is generated and distributed initially.

Material Properties

Almost all material properties alter as temperatures fluctuate, something which boosts the dynamics of resistance welding. It’s worth noting that material resistivity influences how heat is generated. Heat capacity and thermal conductivity influence how heat is transferred. In metals with higher thermal conductivity and low resistivities like copper and silver, minimal heat is produced despite very high welding currents and is also quickly dissipated. Such metals are difficult to weld using resistance welding. However, they are excellent electrodes. When unlike metals are welded together, metal with higher resistivity will generally generate more heat. This can be something that needs to be thought of in advance when making welding parts for projection welding and once choosing the kind of electrodes to use in spot welding. Material hardness also affects contact resistance. Metals which can be harder (have higher-yield stress) will generally have higher contact resistance at similar welding forces his or her surface asperities are harder to deform. That brings about smaller contact areas. It’s worth noting that this materials used as electrodes were also accustomed to influence how heat is balanced in resistance welding, specially when joining non-ferrous and light metals.

Resistance Welding Advantages

• Resistance welding has no consumables, including welding rods, brazing materials, or solder.
• Its processing time is quite short.
• It provides operator-safety as being the machines only require low voltage to use.
• Resistance welding doesn’t create messes like other welding techniques it’s neat and environmentally-friendly.
• It produces reliable electro-mechanical joints.

Resistance Welding Shortcomings

• The electrodes used should be able to reach either side from the metal pieces they can be bonding. Some spot-welding machines are only able to hold a particular metal thickness, usually 5-50 inches. And although the electrode’s position might be adjusted, most electrode holders have only limited movement.
• The shapes and size of electrodes used determines the strength and size of the weld. The joints only form on the spots where electrodes touch the metal. when the current isn’t hot or sufficiently strong enough, or perhaps the metal isn’t held together well enough, the spot weld might become weak or small.
• A loss in strength and warping may appear around points where workpiece continues to be spot-welded. The joint’s appearance is usually quite ugly and can have cracks upon it. The metal could also turn out becoming less resistant to corrosion.

How to build a winning culture on and off the court

Basketball, like every other sport, is not just about the players` strength or the coach`s tactics. It equally involves the desire to win and keep winning. Nothing beats the undying passion for being nothing short of the best, both on and off the court. Building a winning culture involves a collaborative effort between the players, the coaches and all staff. With the right mindset, consistency and proper leadership, any team can develop and sustain a winning culture. In this article, I will discuss key points on building a winning culture on and off the court, as seen in the Adelaine 36ers.

Selflessness

The best teams are not those with the best players with high individual ratings. Instead, the best is those who have players that are selfless to the core. These players don`t care about who starts or doesn`t, who scores the most points or who plays the most minutes; they are concerned about team growth and winning. A team looking to build a winning culture must see each other as brothers and play for one another. An example is the Adelaine 36ers; each individual is celebrated on the court as though he was an embodiment of parts of all other players.

Success-oriented

This is where the burning desire to win comes into play. Every player must take winning personally to grow a winning culture. If every player can picture a drastic consequence for losing, they`d be less likely to want to lose. This goes beyond giving their best on the court; it transcends to devoting extra hours to personal practice, dieting and everything possible to bring them closer to winning. There is no guarantee that a team will never lose again just because they are doing this, but it brings them to a point where a winning streak can go on for an entire season.

Communication

This is where the coach plays the most prominent role. Ever wonder why a certain coach can use the same players to achieve significant milestones while another will struggle to stay in the competition with the same set of players? It boils down to communication between the players and their coach. A coach needs to become a father figure for the players. Not just on the court but equally off the court, giving them the right motivation and pushing them hard in the right way. When they win, you push them even harder; when they lose, you love them as a father would. 

Final Thoughts

It is important to note that the journey of building a winning culture seen in the Adelaine 36ers is not finite. It is a work in progress and must never end because even when it appears the entire team is on the same winning page, humans quickly derail at the slightest chance of negligence. The team needs to be dynamic and willing to accept changes continually. That is the basis of creating a winning culture and equally sustaining one.

For more information, visit: Grant Kelley

Gold IRAs are special Individual retirement accounts that house physical high-value metals as investments providing tax benefits in the same way as regular and Roth-IRAs as also 401(k). In addition, this kind of account also allows cash deposits.

Choosing a company that offers gold IRAs takes careful thinking. Read reviews from customers and confirm that the depository provides reliable storage solutions.

The gold investment strategy for retirement

Retirement savings with gold is a growing choice for investors who wish broaden their portfolio and worry about rate of inflation. Before making this choice however, it`s imperative to know the risks and potential benefits. Getting financial advice from an advisor would be highly recommended before making the move. In addition, Gold IRAs allow you to accumulate precious metals like as gold, silver, palladium, and platinum in addition to conventional papers; they have oversight by the IRS and managed through a licensed custodian.

best rated gold IRA companies

The gold IRA Companies make purchasing and managing your metals simple. Most have account advisors to help you navigate how to proceed, collaborating alongside dealers for precious metals, to buy your metals then sending them off to an approved depot for safe-keeping. Some even provide options that let you store them in your home!

When deciding on a gold IRA company, it is important to choose a company that offers low prices, as well as top service to customers. A web-based dashboard will allow you to keep track of your investments and make necessary modifications as necessary.

It is also possible to rollover funds into your gold IRA. Moving funds from an IRA into a gold IRA (subject to annual contribution limits) can be a good alternative when you are changing jobs or planning to rollover old 401(k) plans to the gold IRAs. Don`t forget that pretax funds being transferred to Roth IRAs have tax consequences, however later-taxed funds can be carried into IRAs without penalty.

Make sure you choose a reliable dealer as well as an IRA custodian that has been acknowledged by the IRS so that you can be assured that your gold IRA meets IRS requirements and to avoid excess commissions and fees to exceed its value.

When choosing who will be the custodian

In order to make a gold investment, it`s essential to choose the most suitable custodian to your IRA. Someone will take care of your investment portfolio, and will ensure that your precious metals are safe stored; handle paperwork related to rollovers, transactions, and transfers; Offer information and support during the entire process. Since the custodians are numerous out there you should choose one that has proven customer service experience and outstanding track records.

Check out the internet, or websites for the company to find the gold IRA supplier. They typically offer a wide variety of products and services intended to meet the investment desires of their customers such as helping you choose the best investments for your retirement portfolio to working with dealers for the purchase and store precious metals safely. Additionally, they can help in selecting a depositor that is compliant with IRS requirements; options for depository can be banks, credit unions, savings and credit associations, as well private depositories.

In choosing a gold IRA can be a fantastic opportunity to diversify your pension portfolio and improve your prospect of having a secure financial future. Before you make your choice, it`s vital to evaluate the pros and cons of each option as well as cost of the different businesses which provide the accounts. The top Gold IRA providers focus on learning and customer care, with affordable fees, extended history, transparent, accountability and overall reliability as evidence of their excellence.

A Personal Retirement Account or IRA could contain physical metallic items such as gold bars and coins as well as money or other investments. An IRA may be established by a traditional method or as a self directed personal retirement account (SIRA), making them available to employees of both private and public corporations and also self-employed folks who require one for future savings. Age-related individuals can provide an additional sum of money each year into their IRA as catch-up deposits.

After selecting a gold IRA provider then the next thing to do would include funding the account with your retirement savings or by launching the tax-free transfer from an existing IRA. After being funded, the investor is free to research investment options and invest in precious metals. A retailer will then ship and safely store them in an authorized depository facility.

Investment in physical gold

Gold IRAs are another option for investing that makes use of physical metals like silver, platinum and palladium in lieu of traditional papers like stocks and mutual funds. This makes gold IRAs the ideal choice for investors looking ways to diversify their portfolios against the possibility of financial turmoil without paying significant costs to purchase and taking care of physical precious metals however, operating an IRA could be costly than traditional IRAs as well as 401(k)s due to buying as well as maintenance costs associated with expensive metals acquisition and charges for maintaining them.

A majority of the best gold IRA organizations offer low, clear fees as well as excellent customer service. They can assist you with the creation of a self-directed IRA or rolling it over to your existing one. They offer help with IRA policies and guidelines; the lowest storage cost and free shipping of investments are a few of the solutions they provide.

Furthermore, you`ll have to cover seller markup fee of 5% on the price of gold, and pay storage fees to the bank which holds your precious metals. Certain custodians charge an annual cost, while other custodians base this figure off of how much gold they hold inside the account. A few gold IRA companies provide buyback programs for investors who wish to sell their assets in any moment without incurring penalty charges.

A physical investment in gold offers many advantages, including protection from inflation as well as acting as a safety net in times of unpredictability in the economic environment. In addition, gold may serve as a way to increase saving for retirement. As an example, when the dollar is devalued against the other currency, then gold could increase in value – as would the reverse happen – as well as diversify portfolio holdings by increasing non-paper shares.

Gold IRAs may be excellent options for investors However, they`re not a good fit for all investors. Any person who withdraws their money before reaching 59 1/2 years old will be subject to taxes; however, there are various options like ETFs, exchange traded funds (ETFs) as well as ETCs that offer cheaper yet easier management than physical gold which have greater risks associated with them.

Investing in silver

The silver coin can be a beneficial investment in any retirement portfolio offering diversification as well as protection from inflation. Additionally, it will increase in value over the course of. The best Silver IRA companies make investing easier, offering various storage options and skilled advice and support.

Silver IRAs are similar to traditional IRAs as you can employ them to house precious metals like gold bullion and coins. It is possible to open a brand new Silver IRA or roll over the existing one; both actions are easy. Before you invest, however it`s recommended for you to speak with a professional financial expert to decide if it is a Silver IRA would be best fit for your specific needs.

Silver might not bring comparable returns to stocks or mutual funds. However, the silver market remains stable, safe option for investment. It has been used historically in the past as a security against inflation; when economic activity slows down, its value will rise. Its wide selection industries makes silver a great saving plan for retirement.

When you choose a silver IRA company, it is important to select a company that is experienced in the field of precious metals IRAs which will guarantee that your precious assets are secured inside an enclose facility. Further, some of these companies also provide buyback programs that could enable you to recover a part of the investment if you choose to pull money from your IRA account in the near future.

If you`re considering investing in a Silver IRA, it`s essential to have a thorough understanding of the procedures and rules. You can, for instance, ensure that your precious metals have to be held with an IRS-approved Custodian such as either a bank, credit union or brokerage firm. The majority of precious metals IRAs will suggest particular institutions but you`re allowed to pick your custodian of choice if that is your choice.

Gold IRA accounts offer a number of advantages But it`s crucial that you conduct extensive investigation prior to establishing an account for any provider. Some businesses charge excessive fees or supply expensive coins and bullion-related products at prohibitive cost. Before you make a final decision, make sure that you research their reputation by reading customer reviews from previous customers.